The adoption of AI in surgery was initially slow, primarily due to the challenges in integrating computational techniques into practical surgical applications. Now, AI is seen not as a replacement for human surgeons, but as a complement that enhances surgical planning, navigation, and the execution of minimally invasive surgeries (MIS), all leading to reduced trauma and better patient recovery rates.
AI plays a critical role in preoperative planning, utilizing medical records and imaging to assist surgeons in preparing for procedures. Deep learning, a key aspect of AI, excels in anatomical classification and the identification of abnormalities from scans like CTs, improving emergency care and potentially enabling the automation of triage processes. Deep learning RNNs have been notably effective in predicting conditions such as renal failure and postoperative complications, significantly enhancing critical care by identifying patients at risk.
Intraoperative guidance, especially in MIS, relies heavily on AI for accurate surgery navigation, particularly in tracking tissue deformation. Online learning frameworks developed by scientists have improved the selection of tracking methods for real-time application, enhancing surgical precision.
AI-driven robots assist in the manipulation and positioning of surgical instruments, allowing surgeons to focus more on complex aspects of surgeries. The iKnife, developed by researchers at Imperial College London, represents a significant advancement in surgical technology by incorporating AI with a method known as electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
This innovative tool has the capability to analyze the smoke produced when surgical instruments vaporize tissue during electrosurgery. By evaluating the chemical composition of this smoke, the iKnife can instantly determine whether the tissue being cut is cancerous, leveraging machine learning algorithms in real-time to compare the smoke's chemical profile against a comprehensive database of tissue types.
This process, known as rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS), allows the iKnife to provide surgeons with real-time feedback about the nature of the tissue, with an unparalleled accuracy rate. During its testing phase, the iKnife achieved a 100% accuracy rate in diagnosing tissue samples from 91 patients, a task that typically requires up to 30 minutes for traditional laboratory tests to complete. Such immediate feedback is crucial during surgical operations, where knowing the exact nature of the tissue can significantly impact the surgical outcome and decision-making process.
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